Pair trading is a form of market neutral investing were the risks that you take are based on the performance of one stock relative to another. The benefits of this type of trading technique is that the returns you receive are uncorrelated to the performance of the broader markets, which means that you can generate robust results in all types of market environments.
Hedge funds are very active pair traders, and whether they call their strategy long/short or statistical arbitrage, what they are doing is purchasing one stock and simultaneously selling short another stock.
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